Rabies testing and surveillance program

Overview

The rabies testing and surveillance program is a partnership between the Alberta government, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and several rural municipalities.

The program coordinates the testing of animal samples for the following purposes:

• Responsive testing:
  • in response to human or domestic animal exposure
  • when an animal dies or is euthanized with signs suggestive of rabies
• Surveillance testing in striped skunks

To find out what to do if a human or a domestic animal is potentially exposed to rabies, or if you see a bat in your home, see If you suspect rabies.

Responsive testing

Alberta Rabies Program

Phone: 1-844-427-6847
Email: [email protected]

Agriculture and Irrigation operates the Rabies Program. Calls are primarily received from public health practitioners with Alberta Health Services and the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (Health Canada), veterinary clinics, wildlife personnel and members of the public.

Calls to the Rabies Line during regular business hours are answered by Registered Veterinary Technologists who work with Alberta’s Public Health Veterinarian. Together they provide information and advice on rabies in Alberta, most commonly with respect to potential human or domestic animal exposures.

Testing

Agriculture and Irrigation staff coordinate sample submission when it is necessary to test animals for rabies. Testing may be undertaken when the results are necessary to inform the management of an exposed human or domestic animal, or when an animal displays clinical signs compatible with rabies. This rabies testing data provides a source of passive surveillance for the presence of rabies in Alberta.

Depending on location and staff availability, government staff may collect and ship animal specimens or may request the assistance of a local veterinary clinic. Veterinary clinics are provided with submission forms as well as packaging and shipping information, and are compensated for their assistance.

Rabies samples are tested at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) National Center for Animal Diseases outside Lethbridge, Alberta.

Surveillance in striped skunks

Presently, only bat rabies virus variants are endemic in Alberta. However, skunk rabies variants are present in Saskatchewan and Montana, providing a potential source of future outbreaks. For this reason, a skunk trapping and testing program has been maintained in Alberta since the 1970s, directed by the Central Rabies Control Committee. Each year, rural municipalities along the eastern and southern borders of the province work with field technicians to sample skunk populations in their jurisdiction. Trapped skunks are delivered to Agriculture and Irrigation for preparation and submission to the CFIA laboratory.

If a positive skunk is found, which last occurred in 1993, steps are taken to reduce the skunk population in the immediate area in order to reduce the potential for the virus to spread. Animals removed from the population are tested for rabies virus and the response area is expanded if additional cases are detected.

Table 1. Annual rabies positives in Alberta, 1952 to 2022

Table notes:

• Wildlife includes coyote, wolf, and fox, but is primarily coyote.
• Terrestrial species positives since 2000:
  • 2001, 2006, 2010 and 2018 one case each in cats (confirmed / presumed bat rabies virus variants)
  • 2013 one puppy imported from Nunavut while incubating rabies (arctic fox virus variant)
  • Alberta’s last case of rabies in a human was in 2007 (bat rabies virus variant)

Table 2. Alberta responsive samples for rabies testing 2020 to 2022

Positive samples from 2022

• July 31: little brown bat – attacked/bit person outdoors
• July 31: little brown bat – grounded bat on front stoop, possible cat contact
• October 2: silver haired bat – bat unable to fly, submitted to permitted rehabilitation facility, displayed neurologic abnormalities (no human or domestic animal exposure)

Positive samples from 2021

• July 10: silver haired bat – cat caught bat and owner was bitten by bat while trying to rescue it
• November 18: big brown bat – injured bat submitted to a permitted rehabilitation facility, displayed neurologic abnormalities (no human or domestic animal exposure)

Positive samples from 2020

• May 28: little brown bat – caught outside by cat
• June 17: silver haired bat – caught by cats while confined in shed
• July 28: little brown bat – live grounded bat picked up by dog
• August 31: silver haired bat – killed by dog inside owners' residence

Table 3. Rabies line cases and samples submitted, 2020 to 2022*

Table 4. Number of skunk surveillance samples by county, 2018 to 2022